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MOTS-C (Human) 10 mg

10mg

MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA type-c) is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded by the human mitochondrial genome.

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MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA type-c) is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded by the human mitochondrial genome. First identified in 2015, it belongs to a distinct group of mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs), which act as signaling molecules from mitochondria to the cell nucleus. Research indicates that MOTS-c participates in pathways associated with cellular energy balance and stress responses. The human peptide sequence (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) is commonly referred to as MOTS-c Human and has been studied to understand metabolism, insulin-related pathways, and age-associated cellular processes. Unlike classical hormones, MOTS-c is synthesized in mitochondria, representing an alternative mechanism of intracellular communication.

Biological Origin and Expression

MOTS-c is translated from a short open reading frame (sORF) within the 12S rRNA region of human mitochondrial DNA, making it one of the few peptides produced directly from mitochondrial rather than nuclear DNA. Its expression is influenced by cellular energy requirements and stress conditions. Experimental studies show that MOTS-c is present in multiple tissues, including skeletal muscle, cardiac tissue, neural tissue, and plasma. Circulating levels increase transiently after physical activity. Tissue-specific patterns are observed, with higher levels in active muscle and lower levels in sedentary or older individuals. Endogenous MOTS-c decreases with age, reflecting changes in mitochondrial and metabolic function.

Mechanism of Action

MOTS-c modulates cellular function primarily through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, a central regulator of energy homeostasis. Under metabolic stress, the peptide can translocate to the nucleus to regulate genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Key actions include:

Activation of the folate-polyamine-AICAR pathway, triggering AMPK signaling independently of cellular energy depletion
Enhanced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle via GLUT4 translocation, resembling insulin-responsive metabolic pathways
Interaction with nuclear transcription factors to support antioxidant defense and control of inflammatory pathways

Through these mechanisms, MOTS-c functions as a mitochondria-to-nucleus messenger, facilitating cellular adaptation to energy demands and oxidative stress.

Areas of Scientific Research

MOTS-c is a mitochondria-derived peptide that has emerged as a significant focus of metabolic and cellular research. Identified as a signaling molecule encoded by mitochondrial DNA, it represents a distinct class of peptides involved in communication between mitochondria and the nucleus. Ongoing studies continue to explore its role in energy regulation, stress adaptation, and age-associated metabolic processes, positioning MOTS-c as an important subject in contemporary mitochondrial biology.

Metabolic Regulation and Insulin Sensitivity

MOTS-c has been studied in preclinical models of metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Research demonstrates that MOTS-c improves insulin sensitivity, reduces lipid accumulation, and enhances glucose utilization. Chronic exposure in these models produces metabolic adaptations resembling those observed under caloric restriction, including reduced body weight and improved metabolic markers, without changes in caloric intake.

Aging and Longevity

Endogenous MOTS-c levels decline with age, corresponding with alterations in mitochondrial activity and energy regulation. Preclinical studies suggest that higher MOTS-c signaling supports cellular stress resilience, modulates inflammation, and promotes mitochondrial maintenance. In animal models, MOTS-c has been investigated for its potential to mitigate age-related decline in muscle, neural, and other tissues.

Exercise Mimetic and Cellular Adaptation Effects

MOTS-c levels increase following physical activity, indicating responsiveness to metabolic demand. Preclinical studies show that MOTS-c enhances fatty acid utilization and energy efficiency. It also contributes to cellular resilience under stress conditions, including oxidative or thermal challenges, through mechanisms overlapping with exercise- or calorie restriction-induced adaptive responses.

Scientific Significance and Potential Implications

MOTS-c represents a novel mechanism of mitochondrial-to-nuclear signaling. As an endogenous peptide responsive to exercise and nutrient cues, it regulates pathways involved in energy homeostasis and cellular adaptation. Synthetic analogs are under investigation in research contexts. While human studies are limited, preclinical findings underscore the importance of mitochondrial signaling in metabolism, aging, and stress adaptation.

Intended Research Use

MOTS-c Human is provided strictly for laboratory and research use. It is not intended for human consumption, diagnostic procedures, or therapeutic applications. The peptide is supplied as a lyophilized powder for in vitro experiments or animal studies.

Storage and Handling

Store at −20 °C or below in a dry, desiccated environment. Reconstitute in sterile water or an appropriate buffer immediately before use. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles and handle under aseptic conditions to preserve stability.

Regulatory and Safety Disclaimer

The FDA or other regulatory agencies do not approve this product for medical use. All research must comply with local laws and institutional ethical guidelines. Potential effects outside controlled research settings are unknown; consult scientific literature for detailed handling and safety precautions.

Research Use Only

This product is intended for laboratory research use only. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, or for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

Chemical Properties

Property	Value
Molecular Formula	C101H152N28O22S2
Molecular Mass	2174.6 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass	2173.1077409 Da
Polar Area	890 Å²
Complexity	4510
XLogP	-3.9
Heavy Atom Count	153
Hydrogen Bond Donors	31
Hydrogen Bond Acceptors	29
Rotatable Bonds	73
PubChem CID	146675088
InChI	InChI=1S/C101H152N28O22S2/c1-7-57(4)83(96(148)126-76(50-58-19-9-8-10-20-58)92(144)127-78(52-60-30-34-63(131)35-31-60)97(149)129-46-18-27-79(129)95(147)122-69(25-16-44-112-100(107)108)86(138)118-67(23-13-14-42-102)87(139)124-74(49-56(2)3)91(143)123-73(98(150)151)26-17-45-113-101(109)110)128-94(146)75(51-59-28-32-62(130)33-29-59)116-81(133)55-115-85(137)72(41-48-153-6)121-90(142)71(37-39-82(134)135)119-89(141)70(36-38-80(104)132)120-93(145)77(53-61-54-114-66-22-12-11-21-64(61)66)125-88(140)68(24-15-43-111-99(105)106)117-84(136)65(103)40-47-152-5/h8-12,19-22,28-35,54,56-57,65,67-79,83,114,130-131H,7,13-18,23-27,36-53,55,102-103H2,1-6H3,(H2,104,132)(H,115,137)(H,116,133)(H,117,136)(H,118,138)(H,119,141)(H,120,145)(H,121,142)(H,122,147)(H,123,143)(H,124,139)(H,125,140)(H,126,148)(H,127,144)(H,128,146)(H,134,135)(H,150,151)(H4,105,106,111)(H4,107,108,112)(H4,109,110,113)/t57-,65-,67-,68-,69-,70-,71-,72-,73-,74-,75-,76-,77-,78-,79-,83-/m0/s1
InChIKey	WYTHCOXVWRKRAH-LOKRTKBUSA-N
IUPAC Name	(4S)-4-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-4-carbamimidamido-1-carboxybutyl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
SMILES	CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)C(=O)N3CCC[C@H]3C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC5=CNC6=CC=CC=C65)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)N

Certificate of Analysis

Quality

Every batch of MOTS-C (Human) 10 mg is tested for purity and identity using industry-standard methods.

HPLC Analysis

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography confirms purity ≥98%. Each batch is analyzed to ensure consistent quality.

Mass Spectrometry (MS)

Identity verification via mass spectrometry confirms correct molecular weight of 4113.58 g/mol.

Third-Party Testing

All products undergo independent third-party laboratory testing for quality assurance.

Request COA

Certificate of Analysis documents are available for all products. Contact us with your order number to request batch-specific documentation.

COA Lab Tests

Each product batch is tested by independent laboratories to verify purity, identity, and quality. The Certificate of Analysis (COA) provides transparent lab results, ensuring the product meets strict research-grade standards.

Storage & Handling

Before Reconstituti‌on (Vial Form)

Store at -20°C or -4°F or be‌low
K‍eep in freezer for o‍pti‍mal st⁠a‍bility
Maintain cons‍istently frozen temperature
Can⁠ remain stable fo⁠r⁠ ex‌tended periods‌

Af⁠ter Reconstituti‌on (Liquid Form)

Re‌frigerate immediately at 2–8°C
Equi‌val‍ent to 35.‍6–46.4°F‍ temperature range
S⁠t‌ore in main re‍fri⁠gera‍tor compar⁠tment
Do not st⁠ore in refrigerat‌or door

Freeze-Th‍aw Pr‌evention

Avoid freeze-‍tha‍w cy‌cles compl⁠etely
E‌ach‌ cycle degrades peptide s‍tructure
Thaw only what you need immedi⁠ately
Never refree‌ze thawed al⁠iquo⁠ts

Af⁠ter Reconstituti‌on (Liquid Form)

Re‌frigerate immediately at 2–8°C
Equi‌val‍ent to 35.‍6–46.4°F‍ temperature range
S⁠t‌ore in main re‍fri⁠gera‍tor compar⁠tment
Do not st⁠ore in refrigerat‌or door

MOTS-C (Human) 10 mg

Bulk Pricing – Save More

Biological Origin and Expression

Mechanism of Action

Areas of Scientific Research

Metabolic Regulation and Insulin Sensitivity

Aging and Longevity

Exercise Mimetic and Cellular Adaptation Effects

Scientific Significance and Potential Implications

Intended Research Use

Storage and Handling

Regulatory and Safety Disclaimer

Research Use Only

Chemical Properties

Certificate of Analysis

Quality

HPLC Analysis

Mass Spectrometry (MS)

Third-Party Testing

Request COA

COA Lab Tests

Storage & Handling

Before Reco​nstituti‌on (Vial Form)

Af⁠ter Reco​nstituti‌on (Liquid Form)

Freeze-Th‍aw Pr‌evention

Af⁠ter Reco​nstituti‌on (Liquid Form)

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Before Reconstituti‌on (Vial Form)

Af⁠ter Reconstituti‌on (Liquid Form)

Af⁠ter Reconstituti‌on (Liquid Form)